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Language Teaching Research
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Task-based second language learning: the uses of the first language

Merrill Swain

Ontario Institute for Studies in Education of the University of Toronto, mswain{at}oise.utoronto.ca

Sharon Lapkin

Ontario Institute for Studies in Education of the University of Toronto

The present article focuses on the uses of the first language (L1) made by 22 pairs of grade 8 French immersion students as they complete one of two different tasks: a dictogloss and a jigsaw. The outcome of each task is a story written by each student pair. We propose a coding scheme for the uses made of the L1, exemplify them, and report on exploratory analyses intended to describe differences between and within the tasks in terms of the amount of English (L1) used. We also address the relationship between the amount of L1 use and the quality of students’ writing, and the variability in task performance across student pairs.

Language Teaching Research, Vol. 4, No. 3, 251-274 (2000)
DOI: 10.1177/136216880000400304
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